Stable, entropy-pressure compatible subsonic Riemann boundary condition for embedded DG compressible flow simulations

TL;DR

This paper introduces a stable entropy-pressure compatible Riemann boundary condition for embedded DG simulations of subsonic compressible flows, improving pressure distribution accuracy while addressing stability issues in multi-dimensional settings.

Contribution

It develops a new boundary condition enforcing entropy-pressure compatibility, ensuring stability and better pressure distribution in high-fidelity compressible flow simulations.

Findings

The boundary condition is stable in 1D and 2D analyses.

It achieves good pressure distribution agreement in wing section simulations.

Stability issues are identified and mitigated through mixed boundary conditions.

Abstract

One approach to reduce the cost to simulate transitional compressible boundary layer flow is to adopt a near body reduced domain with boundary conditions enforced to be compatible with a computationally cheaper 3D RANS simulation. In such an approach it is desirable to enforce a consistent pressure distribution which is not typically the case when using the standard Riemann inflow boundary condition. We revisit the Riemann problem adopted in many DG based high fidelity formulations. Through analysis of the 1D linearised Euler equations it is demonstrated that maintaining entropy compatibility with the RANS simulation is important for a stable solution. The maintenance of Riemann invariant at outflow leaves one condition that can be imposed at the inflow. Therefore the entropy-pressure enforcement is the only stable boundary condition to enforce a known pressure distribution. We further demonstrate that all the entropy compatible inflow Riemann boundary conditions are stable providing the invariant compatible Riemann outflow boundary condition is also respected. Although the entropy-pressure compatible Riemann inflow boundary condition is stable from the 1D analysis, 2D tests highlight divergence in the inviscid problem and neutrally stable wiggles in the velocity fields in viscous simulations around the stagnation point. A 2D analysis about a non-uniform baseflow assumption provides insight into this stability issue (ill-posedness) and motivate the use of a mix of inflow boundary conditions in this region of the flow. As a validation we apply the proposed boundary conditions to a reduced domain of a wing section normal to the leading-edge of the CRM-NLF model taken out of a full 3D RANS simulation at Mach 0.86 and a Reynolds number of 8.5 million. The results show that the entropy-pressure compatible Riemann inflow boundary condition leads to a good agreement in pressure distribution.