What is the fate of Hawking evaporation in gravity theories with higher curvature terms?

TL;DR

This paper investigates the final stages of black hole evaporation in Einstein-dilaton-Gauss-Bonnet gravity, revealing a runaway horizon shrinkage and potential formation of high-curvature regions, which challenge classical cosmic censorship.

Contribution

It provides the first nonlinear simulations of black hole evaporation in a quadratic curvature gravity theory, exploring the fate of black holes beyond the minimum mass in a nonperturbative regime.

Findings

Runaway horizon shrinkage observed during evaporation.

High-curvature elliptic regions can form, possibly leading to naked singularities.

Results suggest potential violations of weak cosmic censorship in this theory.

Abstract

During the final stages of black hole evaporation, ultraviolet deviations from General Relativity eventually become dramatic, potentially affecting the end-state. We explore this problem by performing nonlinear simulations of wave packets in Einstein-dilaton-Gauss-Bonnet gravity, the only gravity theory with quadratic curvature terms which can be studied at fully nonperturbative level. Black holes in this theory have a minimum mass but also a nonvanishing temperature. This poses a puzzle concerning the final fate of Hawking evaporation in the presence of high-curvature nonperturbative effects. By simulating the mass loss induced by evaporation at the classical level using an auxiliary phantom field, we study the nonlinear evolution of black holes past the minimum mass. We observe a runaway shrink of the horizon (a nonperturbative effect forbidden in General Relativity) which eventually unveils a high-curvature elliptic region. While this might hint to the formation of a naked singularity (and hence to a violation of the weak cosmic censorship) or of a pathological spacetime region, a different numerical formulation of the initial-value problem in this theory might be required to rule out other possibilities, including the transition from the critical black hole to a stable horizonless remnant. Our study is relevant in the context of the information-loss paradox, dark-matter remnants, and for constraints on microscopic primordial black holes.