Quantum Thermodynamic Uncertainties in Nonequilibrium Systems from Robertson-Schr\"odinger Relations

TL;DR

This paper links quantum uncertainty principles to thermodynamic uncertainties in nonequilibrium systems, showing that for Gaussian systems, thermodynamic functions relate to the Robertson-Schrodinger uncertainty, with implications for inequalities and fluctuation-dissipation relations.

Contribution

It demonstrates that thermodynamic uncertainties in Gaussian nonequilibrium systems originate from quantum uncertainty principles, establishing a quantum basis for thermodynamic properties.

Findings

Thermodynamic functions are functionals of the Robertson-Schrodinger uncertainty function.

Derived inequalities between thermodynamic quantities valid at all times and strong coupling.

Established a fluctuation-dissipation inequality leading to the Robertson-Schrodinger uncertainty principle.

Abstract

Thermodynamic uncertainty principles make up one of the few rare anchors in the largely uncharted waters of nonequilibrium systems, the fluctuation theorems being the more familiar. In this work we aim to trace the uncertainties of thermodynamic quantities in nonequilibrium systems to their quantum origins, namely, to the quantum uncertainty principles. Our results enable us to make this categorical statement: For Gaussian systems, thermodynamic functions are functionals of the Robertson-Schrodinger uncertainty function, which is always non-negative for quantum systems, but not necessarily so for classical systems. Here, quantum refers to noncommutativity of the canonical operator pairs. From the nonequilibrium free energy[1], we succeeded in deriving several inequalities between certain thermodynamic quantities. They assume the same forms as those in conventional thermodynamics, but these are nonequilibrium in nature and they hold for all times and at strong coupling. In addition we show that a fluctuation-dissipation inequality exists at all times in the nonequilibrium dynamics of the system. For nonequilibrium systems which relax to an equilibrium state at late times, this fluctuation-dissipation inequality leads to the Robertson-Schrodinger uncertainty principle with the help of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. This work provides the microscopic quantum basis to certain important thermodynamic properties of macroscopic nonequilibrium systems.