Superradiant Production of Heavy Dark Matter from Primordial Black Holes

TL;DR

This paper explores how superradiance around primordial black holes can enhance the production of heavy bosonic dark matter, surpassing traditional Hawking emission, and impacts early universe dark matter abundance.

Contribution

It demonstrates that superradiance significantly boosts heavy dark matter production from primordial black holes, reducing the needed initial PBH density.

Findings

Superradiance amplifies dark matter production compared to Hawking emission.

Lower initial PBH densities are sufficient due to superradiant effects.

Superradiance impacts the interplay of multiple dark matter generation mechanisms.

Abstract

Rotating black holes (BHs) can efficiently transfer energy to the surrounding environment via superradiance. In particular, when the Compton length of a particle is comparable to the gravitational radius of a BH, the particle's occupation number can be exponentially amplified. In this work, we investigate the effect of the primordial-black-hole (PBH) superradiant instabilities on the generation of heavy bosonic dark matter (DM) with mass above $\sim$ 1 TeV. Additionally, we analyze its interplay with other purely gravitational and therefore unavoidable DM production mechanisms such as Hawking emission and the ultraviolet freeze-in. We find that superradiance can significantly increase the DM density produced by PBHs with respect to the case that only considers Hawking emission, and hence lower initial PBH densities are required.