Testing general relativity using higher-order modes of gravitational waves from binary black holes

TL;DR

This paper develops a Bayesian framework to test general relativity by analyzing higher-order gravitational wave modes from binary black hole mergers, applying it to GW190412 and GW190814, and finding no deviations.

Contribution

It introduces an advanced waveform model and a comprehensive Bayesian method to test the consistency of higher-order mode amplitudes with general relativity.

Findings

No evidence for violations of general relativity in GW190412 and GW190814

The method can detect deviations depending on source properties

Mapped correlations between testing parameters and source inclination

Abstract

Recently, strong evidence was found for the presence of higher-order modes in the gravitational wave signals GW190412 and GW190814, which originated from compact binary coalescences with significantly asymmetric component masses. This has opened up the possibility of new tests of general relativity by looking at the way in which the higher-order modes are related to the basic signal. Here we further develop a test which assesses whether the amplitudes of sub-dominant harmonics are consistent with what is predicted by general relativity. To this end we incorporate a state-of-the-art waveform model with higher-order modes and precessing spins into a Bayesian parameter estimation and model selection framework. The analysis methodology is tested extensively through simulations. We investigate to what extent deviations in the relative amplitudes of the harmonics will be measurable depending on the properties of the source, and we map out correlations between our testing parameters and the inclination of the source with respect to the observer. Finally, we apply the test to GW190412 and GW190814, finding no evidence for violations of general relativity.