Active galactic nuclei jets simulated with smoothed particle hydrodynamics

TL;DR

This paper presents the first hydrodynamical simulations of AGN jets using smoothed particle hydrodynamics, demonstrating agreement with theoretical models and analyzing energy transfer to the intracluster medium.

Contribution

First application of SPH to simulate AGN jets and their interaction with the ICM, validating the method against theoretical predictions.

Findings

Jets evolve from ballistic to self-similar expansion.

Two-thirds of jet energy transfers to the ICM, mainly via bow shock.

Lobe shapes match self-similar predictions within 15% at typical cosmological resolutions.

Abstract

Simulations of active galactic nuclei (AGN) jets have thus far been performed almost exclusively using grid-based codes. We present the first results from hydrodynamical tests of AGN jets, and their interaction with the intracluster medium (ICM), using smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) as implemented in the SWIFT code. We launch these jets into a constant-density ICM, as well as ones with a power-law density profile. We also vary the jet power, velocity, opening angle and numerical resolution. In all cases we find broad agreement between our jets and theoretical predictions for the lengths of the jets and the lobes they inflate, as well as the radii of the lobes. The jets first evolve ballistically, and then transition to a self-similar phase, during which the lobes expand in a self-similar fashion (keeping a constant shape). In this phase the kinetic and thermal energies in the lobes and in the shocked ICM are constant fractions of the total injected energy. In our standard simulation, two thirds of the initially injected energy is transferred to the ICM by the time the jets are turned off, mainly through a bow shock. Of that, $70\%$ is in kinetic form, indicating that the bow shock does not fully and efficiently thermalise while the jet is active. At resolutions typical of large cosmological simulations ($m_\mathrm{gas}\approx10^7$ $\mathrm{M}_\odot$), the shape of the lobes is close to self-similar predictions to an accuracy of $15\%$. This indicates that the basic physics of jet-inflated lobes can be correctly simulated even at such resolutions ($\approx500$ particles per jet).