Assessing the model waveform accuracy of gravitational waves

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new method to assess gravitational wave model accuracy without relying on numerical relativity simulations, enabling comprehensive evaluation across parameter space and highlighting areas needing improved waveform models.

Contribution

The authors propose a novel assessment approach that compares waveform models directly, bypassing the need for true waveforms from numerical relativity, and apply it to real GW data for validation.

Findings

Waveform accuracy varies with source parameters.

Models often underestimate errors in high SNR events.

Current models need at least 1000x improvement for future detectors.

Abstract

With the improvement in sensitivity of gravitational wave (GW) detectors and the increasing diversity of GW sources, there is a strong need for accurate GW waveform models for data analysis. While the current model accuracy assessments require waveforms generated by numerical relativity (NR) simulations as the "true waveforms", in this paper we propose an assessment approach that does not require NR simulations, which enables us to assess model accuracy everywhere in the parameter space. By measuring the difference between two waveform models, we derive a necessary condition for a pair of waveform models to both be accurate, for a particular set of parameters. We then apply this method to the parameter estimation samples of the Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalogs GWTC-3 and GWTC-2.1, and find that the waveform accuracy for high signal-to-noise ratio events in some cases fails our assessment criterion. Based on analysis of real events' posterior samples, we discuss the correlation between our quantified accuracy assessments and systematic errors in parameter estimation. We find waveform models that perform worse in our assessment are more likely to give inconsistent estimations. We also investigate waveform accuracy in different parameter regions, and find the accuracy degrades as the spin effects go up, the mass ratio deviates from one, or the orbital plane is near-aligned to the line of sight. Furthermore, we make predictions of waveform accuracy requirements for future detectors and find the accuracy of current waveform models should be improved by at least 3 orders of magnitude, which is consistent with previous works.