Three-party secure semiquantum summation without entanglement among quantum user and classical users

TL;DR

This paper presents a three-party semiquantum summation protocol that uses only single qubits and simple measurements, avoiding entanglement and complex operations, thus improving efficiency and practicality.

Contribution

The authors introduce a novel semiquantum summation protocol that requires no entanglement, unitary operations, or pre-shared keys, utilizing only basic quantum measurements for the quantum participant.

Findings

Protocol achieves secure summation with only single qubits.

Improves measurement efficiency for the quantum participant.

Potentially higher qubit efficiency compared to previous protocols.

Abstract

In this paper, a three-party secure semiquantum summation protocol, which can calculate the modulo 2 addition of the private bits from one quantum participant and two classical participants, is constructed by only using single qubits as the initial quantum resource. This protocol needs none of quantum entanglement swapping, the unitary operation or a pre-shared private key. This protocol only requires the quantum participant to perform the Z basis measurements, the X basis measurements and the Bell basis measurements. Compared with the existing only semiquantum summation protocol (Int J Theor Phys, 60 (2021) 3478), this protocol has better performance in quantum measurements for quantum participant; moreover, it may also have higher qubit efficiency.