Thinking outside the box: Numerical Relativity with particles

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel Lagrangian particle-based numerical relativity code, SPHINCS_BSSN, for simulating neutron star mergers, and explores how different physical parameters affect gravitational waves and ejecta.

Contribution

It presents the first neutron star merger simulations using SPHINCS_BSSN with detailed methodological improvements and analysis of thermal pressure effects.

Findings

Thermal pressure exponent significantly affects gravitational wave amplitude.

Softer equations of state produce more ejecta.

High-velocity ejecta component (~0.5-0.7c) is launched at contact, potentially influencing kilonova signals.

Abstract

To date, essentially all simulation codes that solve the full set of Einstein's equations are performed in the framework of Eulerian hydrodynamics. The exception is our recently developed Numerical Relativity code SPHINCS_BSSN which solves the commonly used BSSN formulation of the Einstein equations on a structured mesh and the matter equations via Lagrangian particles. We show here, for the first time, SPHINCS_BSSN neutron star merger simulations with piecewise polytropic approximations to four nuclear matter equations of state. In this set of neutron star merger simulations we focus on perfectly symmetric binary systems that are irrotational and have 1.3 $M_\odot$ masses. We introduce some further methodological refinements (a new way of steering dissipation, an improved particle-mesh mapping) and we explore the impact of the exponent that enters in the calculation of the thermal pressure contribution. We find that it leaves a noticeable imprint on the gravitational wave amplitude (calculated via both quadrupole approximation and the $\Psi_4$-formalism) and has a noticeable impact on the amount of dynamic ejecta. Consistent with earlier findings, we only find a few times $10^{-3}$ \Msun as dynamic ejecta in the studied equal mass binary systems, with softer equations of state (which are more prone to shock formation) ejecting larger amounts of matter. In all of the cases, we see a credible high-velocity ($\sim0.5 .. 0.7c$) ejecta component of $\sim 10^{-4}$ \Msun that is launched at contact from the interface between the two neutron stars. Such a high-velocity component has been suggested to produce an early, blue precursor to the main kilonova emission and it could also potentially cause a kilonova afterglow.