Deploying the high-power pulsed lasers in precision force metrology -- SI traceable and practical force quantization by photon momentum

TL;DR

This paper presents a table-top apparatus for SI traceable, high-precision small force measurements using pulsed lasers and photon momentum transfer, integrating classical and quantum measurement principles.

Contribution

It introduces a novel measurement infrastructure combining laser-based photon momentum transfer with classical force measurement systems for SI traceability.

Findings

Achieved force measurements from 10 nN to 4000 nN with high accuracy.

Demonstrated SI traceability of small force measurements.

Integrated quantum and classical measurement methods effectively.

Abstract

Design and operational performance of table-top measurement apparatus is presented towards direct Planck constant traceable high accuracy and high precision small forces and optical power measurements within SI unit system. An electromagnetic force compensation weighing balances, highly reflective mirrors and high-energy pulsed laser unit (static average power 20 W) are tailored together with a specially developed opto-electro-mechanical measurement infrastructure for cross-mapping the scale-systems of precision small force measurements obtained with a state-of-the-art classical kinematic system employing Kibble balance principle in the range of 10 nN to 4000 nN in comparison with forces generated due to quantum-mechanical effect namely the transfer of the momentum of the photons from a macroscopic object. Detailed overview of the adapted measurement methodology, the static and the limits of dynamic measurement, the metrological traceability routes of the measurement parameters, quantities and their measurement uncertainties, parametric up(down)-scaling perspectives of the measurements are presented with respect to the state-of-the-art measurement principles and standard procedures within the newly redefined International System of Units (SI).