From maximum force to the field equations of general relativity -- and implications

TL;DR

This paper explores deriving Einstein's field equations from the principle of maximum force or maximum power, demonstrating their consistency through various tests and highlighting the elegant simplicity of general relativity.

Contribution

It introduces a novel perspective by deriving Einstein's equations from maximum force and power principles, supported by empirical tests and resolving apparent paradoxes.

Findings

Tests confirm the maximum force and power principles in gravitational phenomena

The principles resolve apparent paradoxes in gravitational limits

The approach highlights the simplicity and consistency of general relativity

Abstract

There are at least two ways to deduce Einstein's field equations from the principle of maximum force $c^4/4G$ or from the equivalent principle of maximum power $c^5/4G$. Tests in gravitational wave astronomy, cosmology, and numerical gravitation confirm the two principles. Apparent paradoxes about the limits can all be resolved. Several related bounds arise. The limits illuminate the beauty, consistency and simplicity of general relativity from an unusual perspective.