30 Doradus, the double stellar birth scenario by $N$-body \& \textsc{warpfield} clouds

TL;DR

This study models the formation and evolution of 30 Doradus's stellar populations using N-body simulations and cloud evolution code, supporting a double star formation scenario with a re-collapse process.

Contribution

It introduces a combined N-body and cloud evolution modeling approach to reproduce the observed multiple stellar generations in 30 Doradus.

Findings

Models reproduce observed stellar ages and spatial distributions.

Second-generation stars are more concentrated than first-generation.

Results support a re-collapse origin for multiple stellar populations.

Abstract

We study the evolution of embedded star clusters as possible progenitors to reproduce 30 Doradus, specifically the compact star cluster known as R136 and its surrounding stellar family, which is believed to be part of an earlier star formation event. We employ the high-precision stellar dynamics code NBODY6++GPU to calculate the dynamics of the stars embedded in different evolving molecular clouds modelled by the 1D cloud/clusters evolution code WARPFIELD. We explore clouds with initial masses of $M_\text{cloud}=3.16 \times 10^{5}$ M$_\odot$ that (re)-collapse allowing for the birth of a second generation of stars. We explore different star formation efficiencies in order to find the best set of parameters that can reproduce the observation measurements. Our best-fit models correspond to a first stellar generation with masses between $1.26 \times 10^4$ - $2.85 \times 10^4 $M$_\odot$ and for the second generation we find a $M \approx 6.32\times 10^4$ M$_\odot$. Our models can match the observed stellar ages, cloud shell radius, and the fact that the second generation of stars is more concentrated than the first one. This is found independently of the cluster starting initially with mass segregation or not. By comparing our results with recent observational measurements of the mass segregation and density profile of the central zone we find close agreement, and thus provide supporting evidence for a centrally focused (re)-collapse origin to the multiple ages.