CENN: A fully convolutional neural network for CMB recovery in realistic microwave sky simulations

TL;DR

This paper introduces CENN, a fully convolutional neural network designed to accurately extract the CMB signal from multi-frequency microwave sky simulations, demonstrating promising results across various contamination levels and sky regions.

Contribution

The paper presents a novel CNN-based method for CMB component separation that does not require masking, validated on realistic simulations with competitive residual errors.

Findings

Achieves low residual errors up to high multipoles (>4000).

Performs reliably across different sky contamination levels.

Outperforms traditional methods in handling foreground contamination.

Abstract

Component separation is the process with which emission sources in astrophysical maps are generally extracted by taking multi-frequency information into account. It is crucial to develop more reliable methods for component separation for future CMB experiments. We aim to develop a new method based on fully convolutional neural networks called the Cosmic microwave background Extraction Neural Network (CENN) in order to extract the CMB signal in total intensity. The frequencies used are the Planck channels 143, 217 and 353 GHz. We validate the network at all sky, and at three latitude intervals: lat1=0^{\circ}<b<5^{\circ}, lat2=5^{\circ}<b<30^{\circ} and lat3=30^{\circ}<b<90^{\circ}, without using any Galactic or point source masks. For training, we make realistic simulations in the form of patches of area 256 pixels, which contain the CMB, Dust, CIB and PS emissions, Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect and the instrumental noise. After validate the network, we compare the power spectrum from input and output maps. We analyse the power spectrum from the residuals at each latitude interval and at all sky and we study the performance of our model dealing with high contamination at small scales. We obtain a power spectrum with an error of 13{\pm}113 {\mu}K^2 for multipoles up to above 4000. For residuals, we obtain 700{\pm}60 {\mu}K^2 for lat1, 80{\pm}30 {\mu}K^2 for lat2 and 30{\pm}20 {\mu}K^2 for lat3. For all sky, we obtain 20{\pm}10 {\mu}K^2. We validate the network in a patch with strong contamination at small scales, obtaining an error of 50{\pm}120 {\mu}K^2 and residuals of 40{\pm}10 {\mu}K^2. Therefore, fully convolutional neural networks are promising methods to perform component separation in future CMB experiments. Particularly, CENN is reliable against different levels of contamination from Galactic and point source foregrounds at both large and small scales.