Ionization and Star Formation in the Giant HII Region SMC-N66

TL;DR

This study investigates the ionization processes and star formation in the low-metallicity giant HII region N66 in the Small Magellanic Cloud, revealing ionization balance, photon leakage, and star formation characteristics in a young, low-metallicity environment.

Contribution

It provides detailed analysis of ionization structure, photon leakage, and star formation in N66, highlighting differences from higher metallicity regions and implications for low-metallicity star formation.

Findings

Ionization balance is approximately maintained in N66.

Evidence suggests leakage of ionizing photons from the region.

Discrepancy between nebular and stellar mass estimates indicates complex star formation processes.

Abstract

The NGC 346 young stellar system and associated N66 giant HII region in the Small Magellanic Cloud are the nearest example of a massive star forming event in a low metallicity ($Z\approx0.2Z_{\odot}$) galaxy. With an age of $\lesssim$3Myr this system provides a unique opportunity to study relationships between massive stars and their associated HII region. Using archival data, we derive a total H$\alpha$ luminosity of L(H$\alpha$)=4.1$\times$10$^{38}$ergs$^{-1}$ corresponding to an H-photoionization rate of 3$\times$10$^{50}$s$^{-1}$. A comparison with a predicted stellar ionization rate derived from the more than 50 known O-stars in NGC 346, including massive stars recently classified from HST FUV spectra, indicates an approximate ionization balance. Spectra obtained with SALT suggest the ionization structure of N66 could be consistent with some leakage of ionizing photons. Due to the low metallicity, the far ultraviolet luminosity from NGC 346 is not confined to the interstellar cloud associated with N66. Ionization extends through much of the spatial extent of the N66 cloud complex, and most of the cloud mass is not ionized. The stellar mass estimated from nebular L(H$\alpha$) appears to be lower than masses derived from the census of resolved stars which may indicate a disconnect between the formation of high and low mass stars in this region. We briefly discuss implications of the properties of N66 for studies of star formation and stellar feedback in low metallicity environments.