Hybrid Reinforcement Learning for STAR-RISs: A Coupled Phase-Shift Model Based Beamformer

TL;DR

This paper introduces hybrid reinforcement learning algorithms to optimize beamforming in STAR-RIS systems with a practical coupled phase-shift model, demonstrating energy efficiency improvements over conventional RISs.

Contribution

It proposes novel hybrid RL algorithms for joint active and passive beamforming under a coupled phase-shift constraint in STAR-RIS systems, addressing practical control challenges.

Findings

STAR-RIS outperforms conventional RISs in energy efficiency

Proposed algorithms outperform baseline DDPG

Joint DDPG-DQN achieves best performance with higher complexity

Abstract

A simultaneous transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface (STAR-RIS) assisted multi-user downlink multiple-input single-output (MISO) communication system is investigated. In contrast to the existing ideal STAR-RIS model assuming an independent transmission and reflection phase-shift control, a practical coupled phase-shift model is considered. Then, a joint active and passive beamforming optimization problem is formulated for minimizing the long-term transmission power consumption, subject to the coupled phase-shift constraint and the minimum data rate constraint. Despite the coupled nature of the phase-shift model, the formulated problem is solved by invoking a hybrid continuous and discrete phase-shift control policy. Inspired by this observation, a pair of hybrid reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms, namely the hybrid deep deterministic policy gradient (hybrid DDPG) algorithm and the joint DDPG & deep-Q network (DDPG-DQN) based algorithm are proposed. The hybrid DDPG algorithm controls the associated high-dimensional continuous and discrete actions by relying on the hybrid action mapping. By contrast, the joint DDPG-DQN algorithm constructs two Markov decision processes (MDPs) relying on an inner and an outer environment, thereby amalgamating the two agents to accomplish a joint hybrid control. Simulation results demonstrate that the STAR-RIS has superiority over other conventional RISs in terms of its energy consumption. Furthermore, both the proposed algorithms outperform the baseline DDPG algorithm, and the joint DDPG-DQN algorithm achieves a superior performance, albeit at an increased computational complexity.