Level-crossing resonances on open atomic transitions in a buffered Cs vapor cell: Linewidth narrowing, high contrast and applications to atomic magnetometry

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates a low-temperature, high-contrast atomic magnetometry technique using level-crossing resonances in cesium vapor, achieving narrow linewidths and high sensitivity suitable for miniaturized sensors.

Contribution

It introduces a pump-probe scheme with a single elliptically polarized wave that enables subnatural-width resonances at low temperatures, expanding the practical applications of atomic magnetometers.

Findings

Achieved linewidth narrowing due to openness of the atomic scheme.

Demonstrated high contrast-to-width ratio up to 45%/mG.

Estimated sensitivity of 1.8 pT/√Hz, with potential for 60 fT/√Hz in photon-shot-noise limit.

Abstract

The ground-state Hanle effect (GSHE) in alkali-metal atomic vapors using a single circularly polarized wave underlies one of the most robust and simplest techniques in atomic magnetometry. This effect causes a narrow (subnatural-width) resonance in the light wave intensity transmitted through a vapor cell. Usually, GSHE-based sensors operate in the spin-exchange-relaxation-free (SERF) regime. However, this regime requires a relatively high temperature of vapors (150 C or higher), leading to a relatively large heat release and power consumption of the sensor head. Besides, without applying special measures, SERF regime significantly limits a dynamic range of measurements. Here, we study a pump-probe scheme involving a single elliptically polarized wave and a polarimetric detection technique. The wave is in resonance with two adjacent optical transitions in the cesium D1 line (894.6 nm) owing to their overlapping in presence of a buffer gas (Ne, 130 Torr). Using a small (0.1 cm$^3$) glass vapor cell, we demonstrate a possibility of observing subnatural-width resonances with a high contrast-to-width ratio (up to 45 %/mG) under a low-temperature (60 C) regime of operation thanks to a strong light-induced circular dichroism. Basing on a $\Lambda$ scheme of atomic energy levels, we obtain explicit analytical expressions for the line shape. The model reveals a linewidth narrowing effect due to openness of the scheme. This result is unusual for magneto-optical atomic spectroscopy because the openness is commonly considered as a undesirable effect, degrading the resonance characteristics. We estimate a sensitivity of 1.8 pT/$\surd$Hz with a 60 fT/$\surd$Hz sensitivity in the photon-shot-noise limit. The results contribute to the theory of GSHE resonances and can be applied to development of a low-temperature high-sensitivity miniaturized magnetic field sensor with an extended dynamic range.