Playing Tic-Tac-Toe Games with Intelligent Single-pixel Imaging

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel approach to playing Tic-Tac-Toe using single-pixel imaging, where an AI player interacts with the game through pattern illumination and detection, achieving unbeatable performance.

Contribution

It merges single-pixel imaging with an interactive Tic-Tac-Toe game, enabling minimal digital computation for AI decision-making.

Findings

The scheme is feasible both in simulation and experiment.

The AI player outperforms human players in the game.

The approach demonstrates the potential of SPI for interactive AI applications.

Abstract

Single-pixel imaging (SPI) is a novel optical imaging technique by replacing a two-dimensional pixelated sensor with a single-pixel detector and pattern illuminations. SPI have been extensively used for various tasks related to image acquisition and processing. In this work, a novel non-image-based task of playing Tic-Tac-Toe games interactively is merged into the framework of SPI. An optoelectronic artificial intelligent (AI) player with minimal digital computation can detect the game states, generate optimal moves and display output results mainly by pattern illumination and single-pixel detection. Simulated and experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of proposed scheme and its unbeatable performance against human players.