Mechanism for the efficient homogeneous nucleation of ice in a weakly-ionized, ultra-cold plasma

TL;DR

This paper proposes a mechanism where hydroxide ions formed by electron impact in a cold plasma facilitate rapid homogeneous ice nucleation by attracting water molecules, leading to growth of macroscopic ice grains.

Contribution

It introduces a novel ion-mediated nucleation process involving hydroxide ions in ultra-cold plasma environments, explaining efficient ice formation.

Findings

Hydroxide ions form hydrates with water molecules in cold plasma.

Negatively charged ice grains attract more water molecules, promoting growth.

Recombination losses are minimized due to weak ionization and negative charge of hydroxide.

Abstract

It is proposed that the rapid observed homogeneous nucleation of ice dust in a cold, weakly-ionized plasma depends on the formation of hydroxide (OH$^-$) by fast electrons impacting water molecules. These OH$^{-}$ ions attract neutral water molecules because of the high dipole moment of the water molecules and so hydrates of the form (OH)$^{-}$(H$_{2}$O)$_{n}$ are formed. The hydrates continuously grow in the cold environment to become macroscopic ice grains. These ice grains are negatively charged as a result of electron impact and so continue to attract water molecules. Because hydroxide is a negative ion, unlike positive ions it does not suffer recombination loss from collision with plasma electrons. Recombination with positive ions is minimal because positive ions are few in number (weak ionization) and slow-moving as result of being in thermal equilibrium with the cold background gas.