Signatures of mass ratio reversal in gravitational waves from merging binary black holes

TL;DR

This paper investigates how mass ratio reversal in binary black hole systems affects their gravitational wave signatures, revealing that in most observable cases, the more massive black hole is actually the second to form and can have significant spin.

Contribution

It introduces a comprehensive population synthesis study showing that mass ratio reversal is common and influences the spin and mass properties of merging binary black holes.

Findings

Over 70% of observable binary black holes have the more massive black hole formed second.

The second-born black hole can have a non-negligible spin in up to 25% of cases.

Mass ratio reversal impacts the observed correlation between mass ratio and effective spin.

Abstract

The spins of merging binary black holes offer insights into their formation history. Recently it has been argued that in isolated binary evolution of two massive stars the firstborn black hole is slowly rotating, whilst the progenitor of the second-born black hole can be tidally spun up if the binary is tight enough. Naively, one might therefore expect that only the less massive black hole in merging binaries exhibits non-negligible spin. However, if the mass ratio of the binary is "reversed" (typically during the first mass transfer episode), it is possible for the tidally spun up second-born to become the more massive black hole. We study the properties of such mass-ratio reversed (MRR) binary black hole mergers using a large set of 560 population synthesis models. We find that the more massive black hole is formed second in $\gtrsim 70\%$ of binary black holes observable by LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA for most model variations we consider, with typical total masses $\gtrsim 20$ M$_{\odot}$ and mass ratios $q = m_2 / m_1 \sim 0.7$ (where $m_1 > m_2$). The formation history of these systems typically involves only stable mass transfer episodes. The second-born black hole has non-negligible spin ($\chi > 0.05$) in up to $25\%$ of binary black holes, with among those the more (less) massive black hole spinning in $0\%$--$80\%$ ($20\%$--$100\%$) of cases, varying greatly in our models. We discuss our models in the context of several observed gravitational-wave events and the observed mass ratio - effective spin correlation.