Impact of helium ion implantation dose and annealing on dense near-surface layers of NV centers

TL;DR

This study investigates how helium ion implantation dose and annealing temperature affect the properties of NV centers in diamonds, aiming to optimize their use in high-sensitivity sensing and imaging.

Contribution

It provides experimental data on the effects of varying helium ion doses and annealing steps on NV center density and sensor sensitivity, suggesting pathways for performance enhancement.

Findings

Tripling the implantation dose increases magnetic sensitivity by 28%.

Higher implantation doses could improve sensitivity by up to 70%.

Additional annealing at 1100°C yields only a 6.6% sensitivity improvement.

Abstract

Implantation of diamonds with helium ions becomes a common method to create hundreds-nanometers-thick near-surface layers of NV centers for high-sensitivity sensing and imaging applications. However, optimal implantation dose and annealing temperature is still a matter of discussion. In this study, we irradiated HPHT diamonds with an initial nitrogen concentration of 100 ppm using different implantation doses of helium ions to create 200-nm thick NV layers. We compare a previously considered optimal implantation dose of $\sim10^{12}$ to double and triple doses by measuring fluorescence intensity, contrast, and linewidth of magnetic resonances, as well as longitudinal and transversal relaxation times $T_1$ and $T_2$. From these direct measurements we also estimate concentrations of P1 and NV centers. In addition, we compare the three diamond samples that underwent three consequent annealing steps to quantify the impact of processing at 1100 $^{\circ}$C, which follows initial annealing at 800 $^{\circ}$C. By tripling the implantation dose we have increased the magnetic sensitivity of our sensors by $28\pm5$ %. By projecting our results to higher implantation doses we show that a further improvement of up to 70 % may be achieved. At the same time, additional annealing steps at 1100 $^{\circ}$C improve the sensitivity only by 6.6 $\pm$ 2.7 %.