Modeling Electrokinetic Flows with the Discrete Ion Stochastic Continuum Overdamped Solvent Algorithm

TL;DR

This paper introduces an extended DISCOS algorithm for simulating electrolytes with physical boundaries, improving accuracy and efficiency in modeling electrokinetic flows near boundaries and solid walls.

Contribution

The paper develops modifications to the DISCOS algorithm to accurately incorporate boundary interactions, electrostatic effects, and reduced ion mobility near walls, enhancing simulation fidelity.

Findings

Validated equilibrium ion distributions in channels.

Demonstrated electro-osmosis and charge electro-osmosis with improved accuracy.

Achieved computational speedup with minimal accuracy loss.

Abstract

In this article we develop an algorithm for the efficient simulation of electrolytes in the presence of physical boundaries. In previous work the Discrete Ion Stochastic Continuum Overdamped Solvent (DISCOS) algorithm was derived for triply periodic domains, and was validated through ion-ion pair correlation functions and Debye-H{\"u}ckel-Onsager theory for conductivity, including the Wien effect for strong electric fields. In extending this approach to include an accurate treatment of physical boundaries we must address several important issues. First, the modifications to the spreading and interpolation operators necessary to incorporate interactions of the ions with the boundary are described. Next we discuss the modifications to the electrostatic solver to handle the influence of charges near either a fixed potential or dielectric boundary. An additional short-ranged potential is also introduced to represent interaction of the ions with a solid wall. Finally, the dry diffusion term is modified to account for the reduced mobility of ions near a boundary, which introduces an additional stochastic drift correction. Several validation tests are presented confirming the correct equilibrium distribution of ions in a channel. Additionally, the methodology is demonstrated using electro-osmosis and induced charge electro-osmosis, with comparison made to theory and other numerical methods. Notably, the DISCOS approach achieves greater accuracy than a continuum electrostatic simulation method. We also examine the effect of under-resolving hydrodynamic effects using a `dry diffusion' approach, and find that considerable computational speedup can be achieved with a negligible impact on accuracy.