A kind of Lagrangian chaotic property of the Arnold-Beltrami-Childress flow

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that ultra-chaos, a highly unstable form of chaos with sensitive statistical properties, is prevalent in the Lagrangian trajectories of ABC flow and may be related to turbulence.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of ultra-chaos in fluid dynamics, showing its widespread presence in ABC flow and potential connection to turbulence.

Findings

Ultra-chaos exists widely in Lagrangian trajectories of ABC flow.

Trajectories become ultra-chaotic near the transition to turbulence.

Ultra-chaos differs from normal chaos in sensitivity to disturbances.

Abstract

Three-dimensional steady-state Arnold-Beltrami-Childress (ABC) flow has a chaotic Lagrangian structure, and also satisfies the Navier-Stokes (NS) equations with an external force per unit mass. It is well-known that, although trajectories of a chaotic system have sensitive dependence on initial conditions, i.e. the famous ``butterfly-effect'', their statistical properties are often insensitive to small disturbances. This kind of chaos (such as governed by the Lorenz equations) is called normal-chaos. However, a new concept, i.e. ultra-chaos, has been reported recently, whose statistics are unstable to tiny disturbances. Thus, ultra-chaos represents higher disorder than normal chaos. In this paper, we illustrate that ultra-chaos widely exists in Lagrangian trajectories of fluid particles in steady-state ABC flow. Moreover, solving the NS equation when $Re=50$ with the ABC flow plus a very small disturbance as the initial condition, it is found that trajectories of nearly all fluid particles become ultra-chaotic when the transition from laminar to turbulence occurs. These numerical experiments and facts highly suggest that ultra-chaos should have a relationship with turbulence. This paper identifies differences between ultra-chaos and sensitivity of statistics to parameters. Possible relationships between ultra-chaos and the Poincar\'{e} section, ultra-chaos and ergodicity/non-ergodicity, etc., are discussed. The concept of ultra-chaos opens a new perspective of chaos, the Poincar\'{e} section, ergodicity/non-ergodicity, turbulence and their inter-relationships.