Linearity Characterization and Uncertainty Quantification of Spectroradiometers via Maximum Likelihood and the Non-parametric Bootstrap

TL;DR

This paper introduces a rigorous uncertainty quantification method for spectroradiometer linearity characterization using maximum likelihood estimation and bootstrap techniques, validated with synthetic and experimental data.

Contribution

It develops a probabilistic model and combines MLE with bootstrap to quantify uncertainties in spectroradiometer linearity calibration, improving accuracy and confidence in measurements.

Findings

MLEs are approximately unbiased with synthetic data.

Bootstrap confidence intervals achieve 95% coverage.

Uncertainty from nonlinear response estimation is below 0.02%.

Abstract

A technique for characterizing and correcting the linearity of radiometric instruments is known by the names the "flux-addition method" and the "combinatorial technique". In this paper, we develop a rigorous uncertainty quantification method for use with this technique and illustrate its use with both synthetic data and experimental data from a "beam conjoiner" instrument. We present a probabilistic model that relates the instrument readout to a set of unknown fluxes via a set of polynomial coefficients. Maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) of the unknown fluxes and polynomial coefficients are recommended, while a non-parametric bootstrap algorithm enables uncertainty quantification (e.g., it can return standard errors). The synthetic data represent plausible outputs of a radiometric instrument and enable testing and validation of the method. The MLEs for these data are found to be approximately unbiased, and confidence intervals derived from the bootstrap replicates are found to be consistent with their target coverage of 95 %. For the polynomial coefficients, the relative bias was less than 1 % and the observed coverages range from 90 % to 97 %. The experimental data set is used to illustrate how a complete calibration with uncertainties can be achieved using the method plus one well-known flux level. The uncertainty contribution attributable to estimation of the instrument's nonlinear response is less than 0.02 % over most of its range.