Gaia Early Data Release 3: The celestial reference frame (Gaia-CRF3)

TL;DR

Gaia-CRF3 is a highly accurate celestial reference frame based on extragalactic sources from Gaia DR3, providing precise positions and proper motions for over 1.6 million quasars, with detailed analysis of errors and offsets.

Contribution

This paper constructs Gaia-CRF3, the first Gaia celestial reference frame based on extragalactic sources, with improved accuracy and detailed error analysis compared to previous frames.

Findings

Contains about 1.6 million QSO-like sources with 1 mas positional uncertainty at G=20.6 mag

Proper motions have systematic errors around 12 μas/yr on large scales

Median radio-optical offset for ICRF3 counterparts is about 0.5 mas

Abstract

Gaia-CRF3 is the celestial reference frame for positions and proper motions in the third release of data from the Gaia mission, Gaia DR3 (and for the early third release, Gaia EDR3, which contains identical astrometric results). The reference frame is defined by the positions and proper motions at epoch 2016.0 for a specific set of extragalactic sources in the (E)DR3 catalogue. We describe the construction of Gaia-CRF3, and its properties in terms of the distributions in magnitude, colour, and astrometric quality. Compact extragalactic sources in Gaia DR3 were identified by positional cross-matching with 17 external catalogues of quasars (QSO) and active galactic nuclei (AGN), followed by astrometric filtering designed to remove stellar contaminants. Selecting a clean sample was favoured over including a higher number of extragalactic sources. For the final sample, the random and systematic errors in the proper motions are analysed, as well as the radio-optical offsets in position for sources in the third realisation of the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF3). The Gaia-CRF3 comprises about 1.6 million QSO-like sources, of which 1.2 million have five-parameter astrometric solutions in Gaia DR3 and 0.4 million have six-parameter solutions. The sources span the magnitude range G = 13 to 21 with a peak density at 20.6 mag, at which the typical positional uncertainty is about 1 mas. The proper motions show systematic errors on the level of 12 ${\mu}$as yr${}^{-1}$ on angular scales greater than 15 deg. For the 3142 optical counterparts of ICRF3 sources in the S/X frequency bands, the median offset from the radio positions is about 0.5 mas, but exceeds 4 mas in either coordinate for 127 sources. We outline the future of the Gaia-CRF in the next Gaia data releases.