First constraints on axion-like particles from Galactic sub-PeV gamma rays

TL;DR

This study uses sub-PeV gamma-ray observations from HAWC and Tibet ASγ to set new limits on axion-like particles, linking high-energy astrophysics with dark matter searches and particle physics.

Contribution

First to utilize sub-PeV gamma-ray data to constrain axion-like particles and connect gamma-ray observations with neutrino source physics.

Findings

Set upper limit on photon-ALP coupling constant $g_{a o ext{gamma} ext{gamma}} < 2.1×10^{-11}$ GeV$^{-1}$

Constrained ALP mass $m_a \,\leq 2×10^{-7}$ eV at 95",

Results are comparable to previous TeV gamma-ray limits and close the mass gap towards ADMX constraints.

Abstract

Experimental refinements and technical innovations in the field of extensive air shower telescopes have enabled measurements of Galactic cosmic-ray interactions in the sub-PeV range, providing new avenues for the search for new physics and dark matter. For the first time, we exploit sub-PeV (1 TeV -- 1 PeV) observations of Galactic diffuse gamma rays by HAWC and Tibet AS$\gamma$ to search for an axion-like-particle (ALP) induced gamma-ray signal directly linked to the origin of the IceCube extragalactic high-energy neutrino flux. Indeed, the production of high-energy neutrinos in extragalactic sources implies the concomitant production of gamma rays at comparable energies. Within the magnetic field of the neutrino emitting sources, gamma rays may efficiently convert into ALPs, escape their host galaxy un-attenuated, propagate through intergalactic space, and reconvert into gamma rays in the magnetic field of the Milky Way. Such a scenario creates an all-sky diffuse high-energy gamma-ray signal in the sub-PeV range. Accounting for the guaranteed Galactic astrophysical gamma-ray contributions from cosmic-ray interactions with gas and radiation and from sub-threshold sources, we set competitive upper limits on the photon-ALP coupling constant $g_{a\gamma\gamma}$. We find $g_{a\gamma\gamma} < 2.1\times10^{-11}$ GeV$^{-1}$ for ALP masses $m_a \leq 2\times10^{-7}$ eV at a 95\% confidence level. Our results are comparable to previous limits on ALPs derived from the TeV gamma-ray domain and progressively close the mass gap towards ADMX limits. The code and data to reproduce the results of this study are available on GitHub \url{https://github.com/ceckner/subPeVALPs}.