SPHERE adaptive optics performance for faint targets

TL;DR

This study evaluates the performance limits of the VLT/SPHERE adaptive optics system for faint stars, revealing a significant decrease in contrast and image quality beyond G~12.5 mag, primarily due to wavefront sensor noise.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed analysis of the AO system's performance degradation for faint targets, highlighting the impact of wavefront sensor read-out noise on contrast and image quality.

Findings

Contrast drops by a factor of ten beyond G~12.5 mag.

FWHM of PSF increases sharply for faint stars.

Strehl ratio decreases from ~50% to ~20% for the faintest targets.

Abstract

Context: High contrast imaging is a powerful technique to detect and characterize planetary companions at large orbital separations from their parent stars. Aims: We aim at studying the limiting magnitude of the VLT/SPHERE Adaptive Optics system and the corresponding instrument performance for faint targets (G $\ge$ 11.0 mag). Methods: We computed coronagraphic H-band raw contrast at 300 [mas] and FWHM of the non-coronagraphic PSF, for a total of 111 different stars observed between 2016 and 2022 with IRDIS. For this, we processed a large number of individual frames that were obtained under different atmospheric conditions. We then compared the resulting raw contrast and the PSF shape as a function of the visible wave front sensor instant flux which scales with the G-band stellar magnitude. We repeated this analysis for the top 10\% and 30\% best turbulence conditions in Cerro Paranal. Results: We found a strong decrease in the coronagraphic achievable contrast for star fainter than G $\sim$ 12.5 mag, even under the best atmospheric conditions. In this regime, the AO correction is dominated by the read-out noise of the WFS detector. In particular we found roughly a factor ten decrease in the raw contrast ratio between stars with G $\sim$ 12.5 and G $\sim$ 14.0 mag. Similarly, we observe a sharp increase in the FWHM of the non-coronagraphic PSF beyond G $\sim$ 12.5 mag, and a corresponding decrease in the strehl ratio from $\sim$ 50\% to $\sim$ 20\% for the faintest stars. Although these trend are observed for the two turbulence categories, the decrease in the contrast ratio and PSF sharpness is more pronounced for poorer conditions.