Thermalization and prethermalization in the soft-wall AdS/QCD model

TL;DR

This paper investigates the real-time thermalization and prethermalization dynamics in a holographic soft-wall AdS/QCD model, revealing critical slowing down near the phase transition and universal scaling laws during prethermal stages.

Contribution

It demonstrates the occurrence of prethermalization in holographic models and extracts the dynamic critical exponent, providing new insights into nonequilibrium QCD-like systems.

Findings

Relaxation time diverges at the critical temperature, indicating critical slowing down.

System exhibits universal dynamical scaling law during prethermalization.

Prethermalization characterized by initial-slip exponent θ=0.

Abstract

The real-time dynamics of chiral phase transition is investigated in a two-flavor ($N_f=2$) soft-wall AdS/QCD model. To understand the dynamics of thermalization, we quench the system from initial states deviating from the equilibrium states. Then, we solve the nonequilibrium evolution of the order parameter (chiral condensate $\langle \sigma\equiv\bar{q}q\rangle$). It is shown that the system undergoes an exponential relaxation at temperatures away from the critical temperature $T_c$. The relaxation time diverges at $T_c$, presenting a typical behavior of critical slowing down. Numerically, we extract the dynamic critical exponent $z$, and get $z\approx 2$ by fitting the scaling behavior $\sigma\propto t^{-\beta/(\nu z)}$, where the mean-field static critical exponents (order parameter critical exponent $\beta=1/2$, correlation length critical exponent $\nu=1/2$ ) have been applied. More interestingly, it is remarked that, for a large class of initial states, the system would linger over a quasi-steady state for a certain period of time before the thermalization. It is suggested that the interesting phenomenon, known as prethermalization, has been observed in the framework of holographic models. In such prethermal stage, we verify that the system is characterized by a universal dynamical scaling law and described by the initial-slip exponent $\theta=0$.