Simulating spin measurement with a finite heat bath model for the environment

TL;DR

This paper models spin measurement as a unitary evolution with a finite bosonic heat bath, demonstrating how entanglement and decoherence lead to wavefunction collapse and measurement outcomes.

Contribution

It introduces a finite-mode heat bath model using coherent states and Davydov ansatz to simulate quantum measurement dynamics in a fully unitary framework.

Findings

Spins become entangled with the heat bath and lose coherence.

Measurement outcomes emerge as spins approach eigenstates.

The model reproduces quantum randomness and wavefunction collapse.

Abstract

Spin measurement is studied as a unitary time evolution of the spin coupled to an environment representing the meter and the apparatus. Modelling the environment as a heat bath comprising only a finite number of boson modes and represented in a basis of coherent states, following the Davydov ansatz, it can be fully included in the quantum time evolution of the total system. We perform numerical simulations of projective measurements of the polarization, with the spins prepared initially in a neutral pure state. The likewise pure initial state of the environment is constructed as a product of coherent states of the boson modes with a random distribution of their centroids around the origin of phase space. Switching the self-energy of the spin and the coupling to the heat bath on and off by a time-dependent modulation, we observe the outcome of the measurement in terms of the long-time behaviour of the spin. Interacting with the heat bath, the spins get entangled with it and lose coherence, thus reproduce the "collapse of the wavefunction". The expected quantum randomness in the final state is manifest in our simulations as a tendency of the spin to approach either one of the two eigenstates of the measured spin operator, recovering an almost pure state. The unitary time evolution allows us to reproducibly relate these random final states to the respective initial states of the environment and to monitor the exchange of information between the two subsystems in terms of their purity and mutual entropy.