Proximity effects in graphene on monolayers of transition-metal phosphorus trichalcogenides MPX$_3$

TL;DR

This study uses first-principles calculations to explore how different magnetic transition-metal phosphorus trichalcogenide monolayers influence the electronic properties of proximate graphene, revealing tunable exchange interactions and Dirac dispersions.

Contribution

It introduces a symmetry-based model to quantify proximity-induced exchange couplings in graphene on MPX3 monolayers, highlighting the effects of magnetic phase, interlayer distance, and electric field.

Findings

Exchange couplings range from 0 to 10 meV depending on magnetic phase.

Interlayer distance reduction enhances exchange by up to five times.

Electric fields can tune exchange interactions by tens of percent.

Abstract

We investigate the electronic band structure of graphene on a series of two-dimensional magnetic transition-metal phosphorus trichalcogenide monolayers, MPX$_3$ with M={Mn,Fe,Ni,Co} and X={S,Se}, with first-principles calculations. A symmetry-based model Hamiltonian is employed to extract orbital parameters and sublattice resolved proximity-induced exchange couplings ($\lambda_{\textrm{ex}}^\textrm{A}$ and $\lambda_{\textrm{ex}}^\textrm{B}$) from the low-energy Dirac bands of the proximitized graphene. Depending on the magnetic phase of the MPX$_3$ layer (ferromagnetic and three antiferromagnetic ones), completely different Dirac dispersions can be realized with exchange splittings ranging from 0 to 10~meV. Surprisingly, not only the magnitude of the exchange couplings depends on the magnetic phase, but also the global sign and the type. Important, one can realize uniform ($\lambda_{\textrm{ex}}^\textrm{A} \approx \lambda_{\textrm{ex}}^\textrm{B}$) and staggered ($\lambda_{\textrm{ex}}^\textrm{A} \approx -\lambda_{\textrm{ex}}^\textrm{B}$) exchange couplings in graphene. From selected cases, we find that the interlayer distance, as well as a transverse electric field are efficient tuning knobs for the exchange splittings of the Dirac bands. More specifically, decreasing the interlayer distance by only about 10\%, a giant 5-fold enhancement of proximity exchange is found, while applying few V/nm of electric field, provides tunability of proximity exchange by tens of percent. We have also studied the dependence on the Hubbard $U$ parameter and find it to be weak. Moreover, we find that the effect of SOC on the proximitized Dirac dispersion is negligible compared to the exchange coupling.