In-situ imaging of the three-dimensional shape of soft responsive particles at fluid interfaces by atomic force microscopy

TL;DR

This study demonstrates a novel in-situ atomic force microscopy technique to accurately reconstruct the three-dimensional shape of soft, deformable particles at fluid interfaces, revealing detailed conformations and responses to environmental changes.

Contribution

The paper introduces a method for in-situ AFM imaging of soft particles at fluid interfaces, enabling detailed 3D shape reconstruction and analysis of deformation behaviors.

Findings

AFM imaging from both sides reveals particle deformation and asymmetry.

Temperature influences particle conformation at the interface.

Technique applicable to various fluid phases and particle architectures.

Abstract

The reconfiguration of soft, deformable particles upon adsorption at the interface between two fluids underpins many aspects of their dynamics and interactions, ultimately controlling the macroscopic properties of particle monolayers of relevance for materials, such as particle-stabilized emulsions and foams, and processes, e. g. particle-based lithography. In spite of its importance, experimentally determining the three-dimensional shape of soft particles at fluid interfaces with high resolution remains an elusive task. In this work, we take poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) microgels as model soft particles and demonstrate that their conformation at the interface between an aqueous and an oil phase can be fully reconstructed by means of in-situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging. We show that imaging the particle topography from both sides of the interface allows one to characterize the in-plane deformation of the particle under the action of interfacial tension and to visualize the occurrence of asymmetric swelling in the two fluids. Additionally, the technique enables investigating different fluid phases and particle architectures, as well as studying in situ the effect of temperature variations on particle conformation. We envisage that these results open up an exciting range of possibilities to provide microscopic insights between the single-particle behavior of soft objects at fluid interfaces and macroscopic material properties of relevance for applications and fundamental studies alike.