Free-space-coupled wavelength-scale disk resonators

TL;DR

This paper introduces a universal model for high-Q optical microresonators interacting with free-space waves and demonstrates a novel microdisk design with efficient free-space coupling and high quality factor.

Contribution

The authors develop a universal model linking stored energy to Q and directivity, and design microdisks with periodic protrusions for efficient free-space excitation.

Findings

Achieved a microdisk with a radius of 0.75λ0 and Q of 15,000.

Demonstrated thermally-induced bistability at low input powers.

Showed potential applications in sensing, emission enhancement, and micro-lasers.

Abstract

Optical microresonators with low quality factor ($Q$) can be efficiently excited by and scatter freely propagating optical waves, but those with high $Q$ typically cannot. Here, we present a universal model for resonators interacting with freely propagating waves and show that the stored energy of a resonator excited by a plane wave is proportional to the product of its $Q$ and directivity. Guided by this result, we devise a microdisk with periodic protrusions in its circumference that couples efficiently to normally incident plane waves. We experimentally demonstrate several microdisk designs, including one with a radius of $0.75{\lambda_0}$ and $Q$ of 15,000. Our observation of thermally-induced bistability in this resonator at input powers as low as 0.7 mW confirms strong excitation. Their small footprints and mode volumes and the simplicity of their excitation and fabrication make wavelength-scale, free-space-coupled microdisks attractive for sensing, enhancing emission and nonlinearity, and as micro-laser cavities.