Jet effusion from a metal droplet irradiated by a polarized ultrashort laser pulse

TL;DR

This study investigates how polarized ultrashort laser pulses cause metal droplets to fragment and produce jets, revealing that polarization influences jet orientation and dynamics through angle-dependent energy absorption and shock wave effects.

Contribution

The paper combines experimental shadowgraph imaging with molecular dynamics simulations to elucidate how laser polarization controls jet formation in irradiated metal droplets.

Findings

Circular polarization produces randomly-oriented jets.

Linear polarization generates cruciform jets aligned with the polarization plane.

Frontal and rearside jets originate from different mechanisms and velocities.

Abstract

Fragmentation of liquid metal droplets irradiated by linearly and circularly polarized femtosecond laser pulses is observed in our experiment. The obtained shadowgraph snapshots demonstrate that a circularly polarized pulse may produce several randomly-oriented jets effused from the expanding droplets, while a linearly polarized laser pulse generates strictly the cruciform jets. The latter orientation is tied with polarization plane, rotation of which causes rotation of the cruciform jets by the same angle. To shed light on the experimental data we performed molecular dynamics simulation of droplet expansion induced by angle-dependent heating. Our simulation shows that the jet directions are determined by an oriented angle-dependent energy distribution within a frontal hemisphere layer of droplet after absorption of linearly polarized light. As a result, the produced flow velocity field guided by surface tension forms two high-speed opposite jets oriented across the electric field vector as in our experiment. A shock-wave pulse generated in the frontal layer has angle-dependent amplitude inherited from the oriented energy deposition. The release part of shock pulse produces a cavitation zone nearby the droplet center, and thus an expanding spherical shell is formed from the droplet. The flow velocities within a rearside hemisphere of the shell, produced after reflection of the shock wave from the rear side of droplet, generate two low-speed opposite jets oriented along the electric field vector. Thus we found that the cruciform jets are originated independently from the frontal and rear sides of droplet, and a pair of frontal jets is faster than a pair of rearside jets.