High energy particles from young supernovae: gamma-ray and neutrino connections

TL;DR

Young supernovae are significant sources of high-energy neutrinos and gamma-rays, with Type IIn being the most promising for detection, potentially contributing notably to the diffuse neutrino background but not to the gamma-ray background.

Contribution

This study evaluates the detection prospects of high-energy particles from various types of young supernovae and constrains their models using current neutrino and gamma-ray observations.

Findings

Type IIn supernovae produce the highest neutrino and gamma-ray fluxes.

Detection of Type IIn supernovae is feasible up to 10 Mpc with current and upcoming telescopes.

Young supernovae could dominate the diffuse neutrino background between 10 TeV and 1 PeV.

Abstract

Young core-collapse supernovae (YSNe) are factories of high-energy neutrinos and gamma-rays as the shock accelerated protons efficiently interact with the protons in the dense circumstellar medium. We explore the detection prospects of secondary particles from YSNe of Type IIn, II-P, IIb/II-L, and Ib/c. Type IIn YSNe are found to produce the largest flux of neutrinos and gamma-rays, followed by II-P YSNe. Fermi-LAT and the Cherenkov Telescope Array (IceCube-Gen2) have the potential to detect Type IIn YSNe up to $10$~Mpc ($4$~Mpc), with the remaining YSNe Types being detectable closer to Earth. We also find that YSNe may dominate the diffuse neutrino background, especially between $10$~TeV and $10^3$~TeV, while they do not constitute a dominant component to the isotropic gamma-ray background observed by Fermi-LAT. At the same time, the IceCube high-energy starting events and Fermi-LAT data already allow us to exclude a large fraction of the model parameter space of YSNe otherwise inferred from multi-wavelength electromagnetic observations of these transients.