RESOLVE and ECO: Finding Low-Metallicity $z\sim0$ Dwarf AGN Candidates Using Optimized Emission-Line Diagnostics

TL;DR

This study develops optimized optical emission-line diagnostics to better identify low-metallicity dwarf AGN at z~0, revealing a higher AGN fraction than previous estimates and uncovering a new class of gas-rich, low-metallicity star-forming AGN.

Contribution

The paper introduces a new classification scheme using less metallicity-sensitive emission-line diagnostics, significantly improving dwarf AGN detection accuracy.

Findings

Identifies a higher AGN fraction (3-16%) in low-metallicity dwarfs than previous estimates (~1%).

Discovers a new class of 'star-forming AGN' with specific gas and metallicity properties.

Shows that optimized diagnostics are more effective in detecting low-metallicity dwarf AGN.

Abstract

Existing star-forming vs. active galactic nucleus (AGN) classification schemes using optical emission-line diagnostics mostly fail for low-metallicity and/or highly star-forming galaxies, missing AGN in typical $z\sim0$ dwarfs. To recover AGN in dwarfs with strong emission lines (SELs), we present a classification scheme optimizing the use of existing optical diagnostics. We use SDSS emission-line catalogs overlapping the volume- and mass-limited RESOLVE and ECO surveys to determine the AGN percentage in SEL dwarfs. Our photoionization grids show that the [O III]/H$\beta$ versus [S II]/H$\alpha$ diagram (SII plot) and [O III]/H$\beta$ versus [O I]/H$\alpha$ diagram (OI plot) are less metallicity sensitive and more successful in identifying dwarf AGN than the popular [O III]/H$\beta$ versus [N II]/H$\alpha$ diagnostic (NII plot or "BPT diagram"). We identify a new category of "star-forming AGN" (SF-AGN) classified as star-forming by the NII plot but as AGN by the SII and/or OI plots. Including SF-AGN, we find the $z\sim0$ AGN percentage in dwarfs with SELs to be $\sim$3-16\%, far exceeding most previous optical estimates ($\sim$1\%). The large range in our dwarf AGN percentage reflects differences in spectral fitting methodologies between catalogs. The highly complete nature of RESOLVE and ECO allows us to normalize strong emission-line galaxy statistics to the full galaxy population, reducing the dwarf AGN percentage to $\sim$0.6-3.0\%. The newly identified SF-AGN are mostly gas-rich dwarfs with halo mass $ < 10^{11.5} M_\odot$, where highly efficient cosmic gas accretion is expected. Almost all SF-AGN also have low metallicities (Z $\lesssim 0.4$ Z$_\odot$), demonstrating the advantage of our method.