Thermodynamic and cosmological parameters of early stages of the Universe

TL;DR

This paper derives analytic expressions for the evolution of thermodynamic and cosmological parameters during the early Universe's different phases, providing insights into the timing and characteristics of each era.

Contribution

It presents new analytic formulas for key parameters across multiple early Universe phases, enhancing understanding of their temporal evolution.

Findings

Expressions for energy density, entropy density, temperature, and pressure derived.

Estimated durations of early Universe eras provided.

Insights into phase transitions and their impact on cosmological parameters.

Abstract

The early Universe was characterized by the presence of heavy particles that decoupled at different temperatures leading to different phases of the Universe. This had a consequences on the time evolution of the thermodynamic and the cosmological parameters characterizing each phase of the early Universe. In this study, we derive the analytic expressions of the equations governing the time evolution of these parameters in the early eras of the Universe namely, the radiation era, the quark-gluon plasma era, the hadron era and the mixed era. The parameters under concern include the energy density, the entropy density, the temperature, the pressure in addition to Hubble parameter and the scale factor. Having these expressions allows us to give estimations of the times corresponding to the beginning and ending of each era of the Universe as will be presented in this work.