Study of the front-end signal for the 3-inch PMTs instrumentation in JUNO

TL;DR

This study evaluates the signal quality of 3-inch PMTs in JUNO, optimizing high voltage ratios and cable configurations to enhance timing and charge performance, ensuring reliable detector operation.

Contribution

It presents a dedicated analysis of signal quality at various instrumentation stages, including an optimized high voltage ratio and cable compensation methods for 3-inch PMTs in JUNO.

Findings

Optimized high voltage ratio improved transit time spread by 25%.

Cable attenuation was compensated by adjusting high voltage.

Full instrumentation demonstrated stable performance in prototype detector.

Abstract

25,600 3-inch PMTs will be installed in Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) to achieve more precise energy calibration and to extend the physics detection potential. Performances of all bare PMTs have been characterized and these PMTs are being instrumented with the high voltage divider, underwater front-end cable, and connector. In this paper, we present a dedicated study on signal quality at different stages of the instrumentation. An optimized high voltage ratio was confirmed and finalized which improved the PMT transit time spread by 25%. The signal charge was attenuated by 22.5% (13.0%) in the 10 m (5 m) cable and it required the addition of 45 V (23 V) to compensate for the loss of PMT gain. There was a 1% overshoot following the PMT signal and no sign of reflection in the connector. A group of 16 3-inch PMTs with the full instrumentation was installed in the JUNO prototype detector together with a few 8-inch and 20-inch PMTs, which showed good stability and demonstrated a photon detection system with multiple types of PMTs.