Surface tension effects on flow dynamics and alveolar mechanics in the acinar region of human lung

TL;DR

This study uses computational simulations to demonstrate that surfactant layers on alveoli significantly influence airflow dynamics and mechanical stability, highlighting their importance in healthy and diseased lung conditions.

Contribution

It provides a detailed numerical comparison showing how surfactant deficiency alters airflow patterns and increases shear stress, emphasizing the critical role of surfactant in lung mechanics.

Findings

Surfactant deficiency causes chaotic airflow and higher vorticity.

Presence of surfactant reduces shear stress on alveolar walls.

Surfactant improves overall respiratory mechanics and stability.

Abstract

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, in-vitro setups, and experimental ex-vivo approaches have been applied to numerous alveolar geometries over the past years. They aimed to study and examine airflow patterns, particle transport, and particle-alveolar wall deposition fractions. These studies are imperative to both pharmaceutical and toxicological studies, especially nowadays with the escalation of the menacing COVID-19 virus. However, most of these studies ignored the surfactant layer that covers the alveoli and the effect of the air-surfactant surface tension on flow dynamics and air-alveolar surface mechanics. The present study employs a realistic human breathing profile of 4.75 to emphasize the importance of the surfactant layer by numerically comparing airflow phenomena between a surfactant-enriched and surfactant-deficient model. The acinar model exhibits physiologically accurate alveolar and duct dimensions extending from lung generations 18 to 23. Proximal lung generations experience dominant recirculating flow while farther generations in the distal alveolar region exhibit dominant radial flows. In the surfactant-enriched model, surface tension values alternate during inhalation and exhalation. In the surfactant-deficient model, only water coats the alveolar walls. Results showed that surfactant deficiency in the alveoli adversely alters airflow behavior and generates unsteady chaotic breathing through the production of vorticities, accompanied by higher vorticity and velocity magnitudes. In addition, high air-water surface tension in the surfactant-deficient case was found to induce higher shear stress values on the alveolar walls than that of the surfactant-enriched case. Overall, it was concluded that the presence of the surfactant improves respiratory mechanics and allows for smooth breathing and normal respiration.