Microtubule organization and cell geometry

TL;DR

This study investigates how cell shape influences microtubule orientation, introducing models that incorporate boundary interactions, sliding, and polarity factors, revealing mechanisms that determine microtubule order in elliptical cells.

Contribution

It presents a hierarchy of models showing how boundary interactions and polarity mechanisms influence microtubule organization in non-spherical cells.

Findings

Boundary interactions cause transverse biaxial order in simple models.

Sliding mechanisms reorient microtubules along the cell's long axis.

Polarity factors can establish unipolar order along specific cell axes.

Abstract

We present a systematic study of the influence of cell geometry on the orientational distribution of microtubules (MTs) nucleated from a single microtubule organizing center (MTOC). For simplicity we consider an elliptical cell geometry, a setting appropriate to a generic non-spherical animal cell. Within this context we introduce four models of increasing complexity, in each case introducing additional mechanisms that govern the interaction of the MTs with the cell boundary. In order, we consider the cases: MTs that can bind to the boundary with a fixed mean residence time (M0), force-producing MTs that can slide on the boundary towards the cell poles (MS), MTs that interact with a generic polarity factor that is transported and deposited at the boundary, and which in turn stabilizes the MTs at the boundary (MP), and a final model in which both sliding and stabilization by polarity factors is taken into account (MSP). In the baseline model (M0), the exponential length distribution of MTs causes most of the interactions at the cell boundary to occur along the shorter transverse direction in the cell, leading to transverse biaxial order. MT sliding (MS) is able to reorient the main axis of this biaxial order along the longitudinal axis. The polarization mechanism introduced in MP and MSP overrules the geometric bias towards bipolar order observed in M0 and MS, and allows the establishment of unipolar order either along the short- (MP) or the long cell axis (MSP). The behavior of the latter two models can be qualitatively reproduced by a very simple toy model with discrete MT orientations.