A lightweight three-user secure quantum summation protocol without a third party based on single-particle states

TL;DR

This paper introduces a lightweight, secure quantum summation protocol for three users that uses only single-particle states, eliminating the need for complex entanglement operations and ensuring security against various attacks.

Contribution

It presents a novel three-user quantum summation protocol that simplifies quantum resources and operations compared to existing methods, without requiring entanglement or complex gates.

Findings

Protocol is secure against outside and participant attacks.

Uses only single-particle states and measurements, avoiding entanglement.

More resource-efficient than previous three-user quantum summation protocols.

Abstract

In this paper, a lightweight three-user secure quantum summation protocol is put forward by using single-particle states, which can accomplish the goal that three users cooperate together to calculate the modulo 2 addition of their private messages without the help of a third party. This protocol only requires single-particle states rather than quantum entangled states as the initial quantum resource, and only needs single-particle measurements and Bell basis measurements. This protocol needs none of quantum entanglement swapping, the Pauli operations, the controlled-not (CNOT) operation, the Hadamard gate or a pre-shared private key sequence. Security analysis proves that this protocol is secure against both the outside attacks and the participant attacks. Compared with the existing two-dimensional three-user quantum summation protocols, this protocol more or less takes advantage over them on the aspects of the initial quantum resource, users' quantum measurement, the usage of quantum entanglement swapping, the usage of Pauli operations, the usage of CNOT operation or the usage of Hadamard gate.