On products of symmetries in von Neumann algebras

TL;DR

This paper investigates how unitaries in type II_1 von Neumann algebras can be expressed as products of symmetries, showing that four symmetries suffice for density, while three are insufficient.

Contribution

It proves that every unitary in a type II_1 von Neumann algebra can be decomposed into six symmetries, and those with finite spectrum into four, establishing density results.

Findings

Unitaries in type II_1 von Neumann algebras decompose into six symmetries.

Finite spectrum unitaries decompose into four symmetries.

Products of three symmetries are not dense in the unitary group.

Abstract

Let $\mathscr{R}$ be a type $II_1$ von Neumann algebra. We show that every unitary in $\mathscr{R}$ may be decomposed as the product of six symmetries (that is, self-adjoint unitaries) in $\mathscr{R}$, and every unitary in $\mathscr{R}$ with finite spectrum may be decomposed as the product of four symmetries in $\mathscr{R}$. Consequently, the set of products of four symmetries in $\mathscr{R}$ is norm-dense in the unitary group of $\mathscr{R}$. Furthermore, we show that the set of products of three symmetries in a von Neumann algebra $\mathscr{M}$ is not norm-dense in the unitary group of $\mathscr{M}$. This strengthens a result of Halmos-Kakutani which asserts that the set of products of three symmetries in $\mathcal{B}(\mathscr{H})$, the ring of bounded operators on a Hilbert space $\mathscr{H}$, is not the full unitary group of $\mathcal{B}(\mathscr{H})$.