Estimating the Effects of Educational System Consolidation: The Case of China's Rural School Closure Initiative

TL;DR

This study examines how rural school closures in China during the early 2000s affected educational attainment, revealing significant gender disparities and long-term impacts on girls' schooling due to system consolidation.

Contribution

It provides causal evidence on the effects of rural school closures on educational access and inequality in a developing country context.

Findings

Girls' schooling decreased by 0.60 years on average after closures.

Negative effects on girls' education intensified over time.

No significant impact observed on boys' educational attainment.

Abstract

Global trends of fertility decline, population aging, and rural outmigration are creating pressures to consolidate school systems, with the rationale that economies of scale will enable higher quality education to be delivered in an efficient manner, despite longer travel distances for students. Yet, few studies have considered the implications of system consolidation for educational access and inequality, outside of the context of developed countries. We estimate the impact of educational infrastructure consolidation on educational attainment using the case of China's rural primary school closure policies in the early 2000s. We use data from a large household survey covering 728 villages in 7 provinces, and exploit variation in villages' year of school closure and children's ages at closure to identify the causal impact of school closure. For girls exposed to closure during their primary school ages, we find an average decrease of 0.60 years of schooling by 2011, when children's mean age was 17 years old. Negative effects strengthen with time since closure. For boys, there is no corresponding significant effect. Different effects by gender may be related to greater sensitivity of girls' enrollment to distance and greater responsiveness of boys' enrollment to quality.