Atomistically-informed continuum modeling and isogeometric analysis of 2D materials over holey substrates

TL;DR

This paper develops a continuum shell model for MoS2 monolayers interacting with holey substrates, validated against atomistic simulations, enabling efficient analysis of strain effects relevant for electronic properties and strain engineering.

Contribution

It introduces an atomistically-informed continuum shell model with isogeometric analysis for MoS2 on holey substrates, validated against atomistic simulations, and demonstrates its efficiency for large-scale deformation analysis.

Findings

Continuum model accurately predicts deflections and strains with low deviation from atomistic results.

IGA discretization reduces computational cost significantly compared to atomistic simulations.

Strain and curvature patterns change qualitatively below a critical hole separation.

Abstract

This work develops, discretizes, and validates a continuum model of a molybdenum disulfide (MoS$_2$) monolayer interacting with a periodic holey silicon nitride substrate via van der Waals (vdW) forces. The MoS$_2$ layer is modeled as a geometrically nonlinear Kirchhoff-Love shell, and vdW forces are modeled by a Lennard-Jones potential, simplified using approximations for a smooth substrate topography. The material parameters of the shell model are calibrated by comparing small-strain tensile and bending tests with atomistic simulations. This model is efficiently discretized using isogeometric analysis (IGA) for the shell structure and a pseudo-time continuation method for energy minimization. The IGA shell model is validated against fully-atomistic calculations for several benchmark problems with different substrate geometries. The continuum simulations reproduce deflections, strains and curvatures predicted by atomistic simulations, which are known to strongly affect the electronic properties of MoS$_2$, with deviations well below the modeling errors suggested by differences between the widely-used reactive empirical bond order and Stillinger-Weber interatomic potentials. Agreement with atomistic results depends on geometric nonlinearity in some cases, but a simple isotropic St. Venant-Kirchhoff model is found to be sufficient to represent material behavior. We find that the IGA discretization of the continuum model has a much lower computational cost than atomistic simulations, and expect that it will enable efficient design space exploration in strain engineering applications. This is demonstrated by studying the dependence of strain and curvature in MoS$_2$ over a holey substrate as a function of the hole spacing on scales inaccessible to atomistic calculations. The results show an unexpected qualitative change in the deformation pattern below a critical hole separation.