The ALMA-PILS survey: First tentative detection of 3-hydroxypropenal (HOCHCHCHO) in the interstellar medium and chemical modeling of the C$_3$H$_4$O$_2$ isomers

TL;DR

This study reports the first tentative detection of 3-hydroxypropenal in the interstellar medium of a solar-type protostar, combining ALMA observations with chemical modeling to understand its formation and abundance.

Contribution

It presents the first tentative detection of HOCHCHCHO in the interstellar medium and integrates chemical modeling to explain its formation pathways and predicted abundances.

Findings

Tentative detection of HOCHCHCHO in IRAS 16293-2422.

Chemical model reproduces observed abundance within uncertainties.

Predicted isomers CH3COCHO and CH2COHCHO are more abundant.

Abstract

Characterizing the molecular composition of solar-type protostars is useful for improving our understanding of the physico-chemical conditions under which the Sun and its planets formed. In this work, we analyzed the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) data of the Protostellar Interferometric Line Survey (PILS), an unbiased spectral survey of the solar-type protostar IRAS~16293--2422, and we tentatively detected 3-hydroxypropenal (HOCHCHCHO) for the first time in the interstellar medium towards source B. Based on the observed line intensities and assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium, its column density is constrained to be $\sim$10$^{15}$ cm$^{-2}$, corresponding to an abundance of 10$^{-4}$ relative to methanol, CH$_3$OH. Additional spectroscopic studies are needed to constrain the excitation temperature of this molecule. We included HOCHCHCHO and five of its isomers in the chemical network presented in Manigand et al. (2021) and we predicted their chemical evolution with the Nautilus code. The model reproduces the abundance of HOCHCHCHO within the uncertainties. This species is mainly formed through the grain surface reaction CH$_2$CHO + HCO $\rightarrow$ HCOCH$_2$CHO, followed by the tautomerization of HCOCH$_2$CHO into HOCHCHCHO. Two isomers, CH$_3$COCHO and CH$_2$COHCHO, are predicted to be even more abundant than HOCHCHCHO. Spectroscopic studies of these molecules are essential in searching for them in IRAS~16293--2422 and other astrophysical sources.