Investigating the effect of noise channels on the quality of unitary t-designs

TL;DR

This paper examines how various noise channels affect the quality of single-qubit unitary t-designs, revealing their sensitivity varies with t, noise type, and state purity, with implications for quantum information applications.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of noise effects on single-qubit t-designs, including numerical insights into their sensitivity and the equivalence of noise models for depolarising channels.

Findings

1-designs are only affected by amplitude damping.

2t-designs are more sensitive to noise than (2t-1)-designs.

Sensitivity to noise varies across the Bloch sphere, highest on pure states.

Abstract

Unitary t-designs have a wide variety of applications in quantum information theory, such as quantum data encryption and randomised benchmarking. However, experimental realisations of t-designs are subject to noise. Here we investigate the effect of noise channels on the quality of single-qubit t-designs. The noise channels we study are bit flips, phase flips, bit and phase flips, phase damping, amplitude damping, and depolarising noise. We consider two noise models: the first has noise applied before the t-design unitary operations, while the second has noise applied after the unitary operations. We show that the single-qubit 1-design is affected only by amplitude damping, while numeric results obtained for the 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-designs suggest that a 2t-design is significantly more sensitive to noise than a (2t-1)-design and that, with the exception of amplitude damping, a (2t+1)-design is as sensitive to noise as a 2t-design. Numeric results also reveal substantial variations in sensitivity to noise throughout the Bloch sphere. In particular, t-designs appear to be most sensitive to noise when acting on pure states and least sensitive to noise for the maximally mixed state. For depolarising noise, we show that our two noise models are equivalent, and for the other noise channels, numeric results obtained for the model where noise is applied after the unitaries reflect the transformation of the noise channel into a depolarising channel, an effect exploited in randomised benchmarking with 2-designs.