Interplay between surface and volume instabilities in heavy-ion collisions examined within mean-field extensions

TL;DR

This paper investigates the complex interplay of surface and volume instabilities in heavy-ion collisions, using microscopic simulations to understand fragmentation patterns and the underlying unstable modes during nuclear matter transitions.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed microscopic analysis of surface and volume instabilities in heavy-ion collisions within mean-field extensions, highlighting their roles in nuclear fragmentation.

Findings

Identification of different fragmentation patterns linked to specific instabilities

Microscopic simulation of deformed nuclear systems below and above Fermi energy

Insights into the conditions leading to various nuclear breakup modes

Abstract

In the transition from nuclear matter to finite nuclei, complex finite-size effects which characterise open systems arise, in relation with either the nuclear surface or the bulk. In addition, the non-equilibrium character of the process, typical of violent heavy-ion collisions (from Fermi energy to the intermediate-energy domain) adds up as well. The resulting dynamics is the combination of surface and volume unstable modes which trigger large-amplitude fluctuations. A rich variety of fragmentation patterns may emerge, ranging from collimated streams of nuclear clusters to the split of a stretched nuclear complex into few large fragments. They imply different conditions of density and surface tension, and result in different chronologies. Such phenomenology has been observed in experiments, but it is often difficult to recognise and disentangle the underlying types of instabilities. To draw some example, two extremely deformed nuclear systems, produced below and above Fermi energy, are chosen and followed microscopically all along their evolution within the Boltzmann-Langevin One-Body approach.