Tidal star-planet interaction and its observed impact on stellar activity in planet-hosting wide binary systems

TL;DR

This study empirically demonstrates that close-in massive exoplanets can influence the rotational evolution and magnetic activity of their host stars through tidal interactions, using observations of wide binary systems.

Contribution

It provides observational evidence linking tidal interactions with increased stellar activity and rotation in planet-hosting stars, without requiring precise stellar ages.

Findings

Host stars with close-in planets show elevated activity compared to their wide binary companions.

The activity levels align with rotation-activity relationships, indicating tidal effects influence stellar rotation.

Smaller, distant planets do not significantly affect stellar activity or rotation.

Abstract

Tidal interaction between an exoplanet and its host star is a possible pathway to transfer angular momentum between the planetary orbit and the stellar spin. In cases where the planetary orbital period is shorter than the stellar rotation period, this may lead to angular momentum being transferred into the star's rotation, possibly counteracting the intrinsic stellar spin-down induced by magnetic braking. Observationally, detecting altered rotational states of single, cool field stars is challenging, as precise ages for such stars are rarely available. Here we present an empirical investigation of the rotation and magnetic activity of a sample of planet-hosting stars that are accompanied by wide stellar companions. Without needing knowledge about the absolute ages of the stars, we test for relative differences in activity and rotation of the planet hosts and their co-eval companions, using X-ray observations to measure the stellar activity levels. Employing three different tidal interaction models, we find that host stars with planets that are expected to tidally interact display elevated activity levels compared to their companion stars. We also find that those activity levels agree with the observed rotational periods for the host stars along the usual rotation-activity relationships, implying that the effect is indeed caused by a tidal interaction and not a purely magnetic interaction which would be expected to affect the stellar activity, but not necessarily the rotation. We conclude that massive, close-in planets have an impact on the stellar rotational evolution, while the smaller, more distant planets do not have a significant influence.