From Hurwitz numbers to Feynman diagrams: counting rooted trees in log gravity

TL;DR

This paper reveals a deep connection between the partition function of log gravity, combinatorial Hopf algebras, and rooted trees, showing how Hurwitz numbers relate to Feynman diagrams and integrable hierarchies.

Contribution

It establishes a novel link between log gravity partition functions, rooted trees, and Hopf algebras, highlighting the combinatorial structure underlying the theory.

Findings

Partition function expressed as a sum over rooted trees.

Hurwitz numbers correspond to coefficients of rooted trees.

Connection between integrable hierarchies and Hopf algebras of trees.

Abstract

We show that the partition function of the logarithmic sector of critical topologically massive gravity which represents a series expansion of composition of functions, can be expressed as a sum over rooted trees. Our work brings a connection between integrable hierarchies of mathematical physics, combinatorial Hopf algebras and rooted trees, by explaining how the $\tau$-functions of the (potential) Burgers and KP integrable hierarchies appearing in the partition function of log gravity conceal the Hopf algebra of composition of functions, known as the Fa\`a di Bruno algebra, of the same type as the celebrated Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebra of rooted trees and Feynman diagrams. In particular, the Hurwitz numbers appearing in the partition function arise as coefficients of isomorphism classes of rooted trees. A parallel is drawn between our findings and established results in the statistical physics literature concerning certain systems with quenched disorder on trees, associated to nonlinear partial differential equations admitting traveling wave solutions. This should be of particular interest in view of a further description of the disorder observed in log gravity.