Probing pre-BBN era with Scale Invariant FIMP

TL;DR

This paper explores how a non-standard early universe expansion history affects the freeze-in production of dark matter in a scale-invariant $U(1)_X$ model, enhancing detection prospects and linking cosmology with experimental searches.

Contribution

It introduces a minimal scale-invariant model with four parameters that connects early universe cosmology to dark matter detection, highlighting the impact of pre-BBN era on freeze-in mechanisms.

Findings

Enhanced couplings between visible and dark sectors due to early universe dynamics.

Experimental prospects for detecting freeze-in dark matter are improved in non-standard cosmologies.

Direct detection experiments can probe the model's parameter space with scalar mediator considerations.

Abstract

Detecting dark matter (DM) relic via freeze-in is difficult in laboratories due to smallness of the couplings involved. However, a non-standard cosmological history of the Universe, prior to Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN), can dramatically change this scenario. In this context, we study the freeze-in production of dark matter in classically scale invariant $U(1)_X$ gauge extension of the Standard Model (SM), recently dubbed as the \textit{Scale Invariant FIMP Miracle}. We assume an additional species dominates the energy density of the Universe at early times, causing the expansion rate at a given temperature to be larger than that in the standard radiation-dominated case. We find, the \textit{out-of-equilibrium} scattering processes involving particles in the thermal bath lead to significantly suppressed DM production in this era, thereby enhancing the couplings between the visible and the dark sector (by several orders of magnitude) to satisfy the observed DM abundance, and improving the detection prospects for freeze-in in turn. Scale invariance of the underlying theory leaves only four free parameters in the model: the DM mass $m_X$, the gauge coupling $g_X$, the temperature of transition $T_R$ from early scalar-dominated to radiation-dominated era and the power-law dependence $n$ of this temperature. We show, within this minimal set-up, experiments like FASER, MATHUSLA, DUNE, SHiP will be probing various cosmological models depending on the choice of $\{n,\,T_R\}$ that also satisfy the PLANCK observed relic density bound. Moreover, due to the presence of a naturally light scalar mediator, the direct detection of the DM at XENON1T, PandaX-4T or XENONnT becomes relevant for Higgs-scalar mixing $\sin\theta\simeq\{10^{-5}-10^{-3}\}$, thus providing complementary probes for freeze-in, as well as for non-standard cosmological pre-BBN era.