Improving the operational stability of thermoelectric Zn$_4$Sb$_3$ by segmentation

TL;DR

This study enhances the operational stability of thermoelectric Zn$_4$Sb$_3$ by segmenting it with stainless steel interfaces, effectively blocking Zn migration and maintaining performance under temperature gradients and currents.

Contribution

The paper introduces a rapid one-step Spark Plasma Sintering method to create segmented Zn$_4$Sb$_3$, significantly improving its stability against decomposition during operation.

Findings

Segmented samples remain stable from 250°C to room temperature without current.

Unsegmented samples decompose into ZnSb and Zn under the same conditions.

Thermoelectric performance (zT) slightly decreases due to increased thermal conductivity.

Abstract

The mixed ionic-electronic conductor $\beta$-Zn$_4$Sb$_3$ is a cheap and high performing thermoelectric material, but under operating conditions with a temperature gradient and a running current, the material decomposes as Zn readily migrates in the structure. Here, we report an improved stability of $\beta$-Zn$_4$Sb$_3$ by introducing ion-blocking interfaces of stainless steel to segment the sample, produced by a rapid one-step Spark Plasma Sintering synthesis. The stability of the samples is tested under temperature gradients and electric currents, which reveals significantly improved stability of the segmented samples compared to unsegmented samples. The segmented samples are stable under temperature gradient from 250{\deg}C to room temperature with no external current, whereas the unsegmented sample decomposes into ZnSb and Zn under the same conditions. The thermoelectric figure of merit, zT, of the segmented sample is slightly reduced, mainly due to the increased thermal conductivity. In conclusion, a rapid one-step synthesis of segmented $\beta$-Zn$_4$Sb$_3$ is developed, which successfully improves the long-term operational stability by blocking the Zn ion migration.