Galaxy mergers can initiate quenching by unlocking an AGN-driven transformation of the baryon cycle

TL;DR

This study uses zoom simulations to demonstrate how galaxy mergers can trigger AGN activity that expels the circumgalactic medium, leading to galaxy quenching over several billion years.

Contribution

It reveals the role of merger-driven disruption in fueling AGN outflows that suppress gas replenishment, providing a detailed simulation-based mechanism for galaxy quenching.

Findings

Major mergers can rapidly grow central black holes.

Disruptive mergers lead to strong AGN feedback affecting the CGM.

Less disruptive mergers do not significantly impact star formation.

Abstract

We use zoom simulations to show how merger-driven disruption of the gas disc in a galaxy provides its central active galactic nucleus (AGN) with fuel to drive outflows that entrain and expel a significant fraction of the circumgalactic medium (CGM). This in turn suppresses replenishment of the interstellar medium, causing the galaxy to quench up to several Gyr after the merger. We start by performing a zoom simulation of a present-day star-forming disc galaxy with the EAGLE galaxy formation model. Then, we re-simulate the galaxy with controlled changes to its initial conditions, using the genetic modification technique. These modifications either increase or decrease the stellar mass ratio of the galaxy's last significant merger, which occurs at $z\approx 0.74$. The halo reaches the same present-day mass in all cases, but changing the mass ratio of the merger yields markedly different galaxy and CGM properties. We find that a merger can unlock rapid growth of the central supermassive black hole if it disrupts the co-rotational motion of gas in the black hole's vicinity. Conversely, if a less disruptive merger occurs and gas close to the black hole is not disturbed, the AGN does not strongly affect the CGM, and consequently the galaxy continues to form stars. Our result illustrates how a unified view of AGN feedback, the baryon cycle and the interstellar medium is required to understand how mergers and quenching are connected over long timescales.